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| ARGENTINA |
La Argentina es un gran productor y consumidor de energía de América latina. Además, es un exportador neto, principalmente a sus vecinos Brasil, Chile y Uruguay. Petróleo Pese a que la producción declinó en los últimos años, la Argentina continúa exportando.
De acuerdo a las cifras publicadas por la Secretaría de Energía, las reservas probadas de petróleo a enero de 2007 totalizan 411 millones de metros cúbicos, un 17% más que los 347 millones registrados en 2005. Pero tan sólo un 5% más que los 394 millones registrados en 2004 , reflejando estos guarismos una caída del 17% frente al pico histórico alcanzado en 1999, cuando llegaron a 490 millones de metros cúbicos.
La producción petrolera alcanzó 104.845 m3 diarios en 2006. Luego del pico de 134.651 m3 diarios registrado en 1998, la producción de crudo comenzó a declinar debido a la falta de reposición de reservas y a la madurez de los yacimientos; sin embargo, la tendencia declinante comenzó a frenarse. La Argentina consumió alrededor de 61.334 m3 diarios de petróleo en 2006, dejando un saldo exportable de 43.510 m3 diarios, destinados principalmente a Brasil y Chile.
Exploración y Producción En 1999, la española Repsol compró la estatal Yacimientos Petrolíferos Fiscales (YPF). La Argentina cuenta con un sector petrolero legalmente abierto al sector privado, sin embargo, Repsol YPF domina las actividades de exploración y producción. Además de Repsol YPF, entre las grandes productoras se destacan Pan American Energy, Chevron y Petrobras Energía.
En octubre de 2004, el gobierno argentino creó la nueva empresa estatal, Enarsa, para promover la exploración de hidrocarburos. Si bien la petrolera estatal sigue en etapa de desarrollo, ya ha firmado acuerdos de exploración conjunta con petroleras extranjeras. Enarsa también es la responsable del manejo de las importaciones de gas natural boliviano.
La producción petrolera está concentrada en dos cuencas onshore: la Cuenca Neuquina, en el centro este, y la Cuenca del Golfo San Jorge en el sudeste. Fuera de las cinco cuencas productivas, ya comenzaron a explorar en áreas offshore.
En el 2004 Petrobras adquirió una licencia para explorar las zonas CAA-1 y CAA-8 localizados en la plataforma continental argentina. En el 2006, Enarsa lanzó un programa de exploración conjunta con Repsol YPF en la cuenca offshore Colorado Marina.
Oleoductos La Argentina cuenta con tres oleoductos que parten desde el yacimiento Puesto Hernandez, en la Cuenca Neuquina. Uno transporta crudo a la refinería mendocina Lujan de Cuyo y otro ducto conecta el yacimiento con Puerto Rosales. El tercer oleoducto está destinado a la exportación a Chile. Transporta 115.000 barriles diarios (b/d) atravesando la Cordillera de los Andes.
Downstream La Argentina cuenta con una capacidad de refinación de 624.575 b/d. Repsol YPF tiene una posición dominante en el downstream, contando con casi la mitad de la capacidad total de refinación.
Además, Petrobras, Shell y Esso tienen presencia significativa en la refinación. En diciembre del 2006, el gobierno anunció que llegó a un acuerdo con varias petroleras para construir una nueva refinería, que tendría una capacidad de 150.999 b/d. La obra demandaría 1.600 millones de dólares y produciría para consumo interno y para exportar.
Gas Natural La Argentina es el mayor productor de gas natural de Sudamérica.
A enero de 2007 la Argentina cuenta con 446.156 millones de
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Argentina is a significant Latin American energy producer and consumer. It is a net energy exporter, primarily to neighboring Brazil, Uruguay and Chile. Oil Argentina is a net oil exporter, though production has declined in recent years.
According to figures published by the Secretary of Energy, Argentina had 411 million cubic meters of proven oil reserves as of January 2007, 17% higher than 347 million cubic meters proved in 2005. Only a 5 % higher than 394 million proved in 2004 and a 17% lower than 1999, when the country had a peak of 490 million cubic meters. The country produced an estimated 104.845 cubic meters per day of oil in 2006.
Argentina’s oil production has declined from a peak of 134.651 cubic meters per day in 1998, as oil producers have not brought enough new capacity online to replace declining production from mature fields; however, the rate of the decline in production has eased in recent years. Argentina consumed an estimated 61.334 cubic meters per day of oil in 2006, leaving net oil exports of 43.510 cubic meters per day. The bulk of the country’s oil exports go to Brazil and Chile.
Exploration and Production In 1999, the Spanish oil company Repsol merged with Argentina’s Yacimientos Petroliferos Fiscales (YPF), the formerly state-owned oil company. Repsol-YPF dominates oil exploration and production activities in Argentina, though the country’s oil sector is legally open to the private sector. Other significant, oil-producing companies in Argentina include Pan American Energy, Chevron, and Petrobras Energía.
In October 2004, the Argentine government formed a new, state-owned oil company, Enarsa, to promote oil exploration in the country. While the company is still in the early stages of its development, it has signed joint exploration deals with foreign oil companies. Enarsa has also taken over responsibility for the management of natural gas imports from Bolivia.
Two onshore basins represent the vast majority of Argentina’s crude oil production: Neuguina, in western-central Argentina, and Golfo San Jorge, in the southeast. Outside the established onshore basins, there has been some interest in exploring offshore oil resources. In 2004, Petrobras acquired a license to explore the CAA-1 and CAA-8 blocks located off the country’s central-east coast. In December 2006, Enarsa launched a joint offshore exploration program with Repsol-YPF in the Cuenca Colorado Marina region.
Oil Pipelines Argentina’s three major crude oil pipelines all starting at Puesto Hernandez, in the Neuquen basin. Two pipelines are domestic, transporting crude oil north to the Lujan de Cuyo refinery near Mendoza and east to Puerto Rosales on the Atlantic. The 268-mile, 115,000 barrels per day Transandino pipeline is Argentina’s only international oil pipeline, climbing over the Andes to a refinery in Chile.
Downstream Argentina has 624,575 barrels per day of crude oil refining capacity. Repsol YPF dominates the downstream oil industry in Argentina, accounting for about half of the country’s total refining capacity. Other companies with significant refining capacity include Petrobras, Shell and Esso. In December 2006, the Argentine government announced that it had reached agreement with several private oil companies to build a new, 150,000-bbl/d refinery in the country. The refinery, which will cost an estimated $1.6 billion, will produce refined products for both domestic consumption and export.
Natural Gas Argentina is the largest natural gas producer in South America.
Argentina had 446.156 million cubic meters of proven natural
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Profile Country Overview |
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Chief of State Cristina Fernandez de Kirchner Location Southern South America Independence 9 July 1816 (from Spain) Population 39,921,833 Economic Overview Currency/Exchange Rate1 Argentina Peso (ARS) = $0.325 Inflation Rate10.9% Gross Domestic Product$208 billion Real GDP Growth Rate9.2%, 8.3% Unemployment Rate 11.6% External Debt $118.2 billion Exports $45.3 billion Exports - Commodities edible oils, fuels and energy, cereals, feed, motor vehicles Exports - Partners Brazil 15.3%, US 10.8%, Chile 10.5%, China 8.3% Imports $36.2 billion Imports - Commodities machinery and equipment, motor vehicles, chemicals, metal manufatures,plastics Imports - Partners Brazil 34.6%, US 16.8%, China 5.4%, Germany 5.3% Current Account Balance $6.4 billion Energy Overview Proven Oil Reserves 2.5 billion barrels Oil Production 804.1 thousand barrels per day, of which 83% was crude oil. Oil Consumption 470 thousand barrels per day Crude Oil Distillation Capacity 624,575 thousand barrels per day Proven Natural Gas Reserves 624,575 thousand barrels per day Natural Gas Production 1.6 trillion cubic feet Natural Gas Consumption 1,336.7 billion cubic feet Recoverable Coal Reserves 467.4 million short tons Coal Production 0.1 million short tons Coal Consumption 0.9 million short tons Electricity Installed Capacity 30.6 gigawatts |
Electricity Production 93.9 billion kilowatt hours Electricity Consumption 90.9 billion kilowatt hours Total Energy Consumption 2.8 quadrillion Btus*, of which natural gas (50%), Oil (34%), Hydroelectricity (11%), Nuclear (3%), Coal (1%). Total Per Capita Energy Consumption 71.2 million Btus Energy Intensity 6,409.3 Btu per $2000-PPP** Environmental Overview Carbon Dioxide Emissions 142.3 million metric tons, of which Natural Gas (52%), Oil (46%), Coal (1%) Per-Capita, Energy-Related Carbon Dioxide Emissions 3.6 metric tons Carbon Dioxide Intensity 0.3 Metric tons per thousand $2000- PPP*. Enviromental Issues Enviromental problems (urban and rural) typical of an industrializing economy such as deforestation, soil degradation, desertification, air pollution, and water pollution note: Argentina is a world leader in setting volunatary greenhouse gas targets Oil and Gas Industry Organization Open to private companies. The most important producers are Repsol - YPF. The Argentine governement has recently created a new, state owned energy company, Enarsa, which does not yet have any production assets. Major Oil and Natural Gas Basins Neuguina, Golfo San Jorge, Salta, Tierra del Fuego. Major Pipelines (capacity, Mmcf/d) Transandino (115.000 bbl/d), San Martin (1000 Mmcf/d) Norte (800 Mmcf/d) Centro Oeste (1,180 Mmcf/d) Major Refineries (capacity, bbl/d) Repsol YPF La Plata (189,000), Shell Buenos Aires (110,000), Repsol - YPF Lujan de Cuyo (105,500), Esso Campana (84,500). * The total energy consumption statistic includes petroleum, dry natural gas, coal, net hydro, nuclear, geothermal, solar, wind, wood and waste electric power. The renewable energy consumption statistic is based on International Energy Agency (IEA) data and includes hydropower, solar, wind, tide, geothermal, solid biomass and animal products, biomass gas and liquids, industrial and municipal wastes. Sectoral shares of energy consumption and carbon emissions are also based on IEA data. DP figures from OECD estimates based on purchasing power parity (PPP) exchange rates. |
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